{"method":"依頼された市場規模、老朽化統計（国交省の建設後50年比率、ASCE 2025、NBIの不良橋数、EU）、従来点検の費用、ドローン比較、墜落・酸欠災害統計、技術系職員不足については、調査途中でセッションの検索上限（200回）と取得上限（毎時400回）に達し、本文を確認できなかった。数値を推測で補うことは禁止されているため、本ファイルには歴史調査の過程で実際に本文を確認できた数値だけを収めた。各項目のyearは数値の時点。未収録のカテゴリ（market、comparison、大半のcost・labour）は次回の調査で追加する必要がある。 第2ラウンド（2026-10-22）では、老朽化・人手・費用・比較・安全・市場の各カテゴリについて、国交省・FHWA・ASCE・RAC Foundation・仏上院・独連邦議会調査局・労働安全統計・査読論文など本文を開けた資料からE12以降を追加し、数値は出典の表記どおり（丸め・推計なし）とした。","items":[{"id":"E01","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"5年点検の対象となる道路橋・トンネルの数","en":"Road bridges and tunnels covered by Japan's five-yearly inspection"},"value":"橋梁 約70万橋、トンネル 約1万本 (approx. 700,000 bridges; approx. 10,000 tunnels)","year":2014,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"2014年の省令公布時の国交省発表の概数。最新の橋梁数（約73万橋とされることが多い）は今回未確認。","en":"Approximate counts in MLIT's 2014 announcement. The more recent figure (often cited as ~730,000) was not verified in this pass."},"source":{"title":"道路の老朽化対策に関する省令・告示の公布について","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/road01_hh_000412.html","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E02","category":"labour","label":{"ja":"1983年のコネチカット州の橋梁点検体制","en":"Connecticut bridge inspection staffing in 1983"},"value":"12 engineers (working in pairs) for 3,425 bridges, i.e. about 285 bridges per engineer","year":1983,"region":"United States (Connecticut)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"マイアナス川橋の落橋時点。1人あたり橋数は出典の数値からの単純な割り算。","en":"At the time of the Mianus River Bridge collapse. Bridges-per-engineer is a simple division of the source figures."},"source":{"title":"Mianus River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianus_River_Bridge","publisher":"Wikipedia","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E03","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"1850年代の米国のボイラー爆発頻度","en":"Frequency of US boiler explosions in the 1850s"},"value":"about one explosion every four days","year":1850,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"HSBの社史による概数。年は1850年代を代表して1850と記載。","en":"Approximate figure from HSB's corporate history; year field stands for the 1850s."},"source":{"title":"HSB history","url":"https://www.munichre.com/HSB/hsb-history/index.html","publisher":"Munich Re / Hartford Steam Boiler","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E04","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"サルタナ号ボイラー爆発の死者","en":"Deaths in the Sultana boiler explosion"},"value":"more than 1,800 deaths","year":1865,"region":"United States (Mississippi River)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"HSB社史が史上最悪のボイラー事故として紹介。","en":"Cited by HSB as the worst boiler disaster in history."},"source":{"title":"HSB history","url":"https://www.munichre.com/HSB/hsb-history/index.html","publisher":"Munich Re / Hartford Steam Boiler","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E05","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"グローバー靴工場ボイラー爆発の死傷者","en":"Casualties of the Grover Shoe Factory boiler explosion"},"value":"58 deaths, 117 injuries","year":1905,"region":"United States (Brockton, Massachusetts)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"ASME規格制定の契機の一つとしてASMEが紹介。","en":"Cited by ASME as a driver for its boiler code."},"source":{"title":"The History of ASME's Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code","url":"https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/the-history-of-asmes-boiler-and-pressure","publisher":"ASME","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E06","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"ハットフィールド事故後の緊急速度制限と罰金","en":"Emergency speed restrictions and fine after the Hatfield crash"},"value":"more than 1,800 emergency speed restrictions (2000); Network Rail fined £3.5 million (2005)","year":2000,"region":"United Kingdom","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"設備状態を把握していなかったことによる予防的な制限。全国レール交換の総費用は出典に数値がない。","en":"Precautionary restrictions imposed because the extent of rail defects was unknown. The source gives no total for the nationwide rail replacement."},"source":{"title":"Hatfield rail crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield_rail_crash","publisher":"Wikipedia","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E07","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"笹子トンネル事故後の通行止め期間","en":"Closure after the Sasago Tunnel collapse"},"value":"tunnel closed 27 days (south tube reopened 29 Dec 2012; north tube 8 Feb 2013)","year":2012,"region":"Japan (Yamanashi)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"通行止めによる経済損失額は出典にない。","en":"The source gives no monetary estimate of the closure's economic loss."},"source":{"title":"Sasago Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasago_Tunnel","publisher":"Wikipedia","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E08","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"笹子トンネルのアンカーボルト引抜試験","en":"Anchor-bolt pull-out tests in the Sasago Tunnel"},"value":"113 of 183 tested bolts pulled out below the 4-tonne design load (Feb 2013)","year":2013,"region":"Japan (Yamanashi)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"崩落を免れた区間での国交省の検査結果。","en":"MLIT tests in sections that did not collapse."},"source":{"title":"笹子トンネル天井板落下事故","url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/笹子トンネル天井板落下事故","publisher":"Wikipedia（日本語）","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E09","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"モランディ橋の緊張材断面欠損","en":"Tendon section loss on the Ponte Morandi"},"value":"average tendon cross-section losses of 10–20% reported in Feb 2018; ~30% of tendons on pillar 11 corroded in 1990s inspections","year":2018,"region":"Italy (Genoa)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"崩落前に把握されていた劣化の程度。","en":"Deterioration known before the collapse."},"source":{"title":"Ponte Morandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Morandi","publisher":"Wikipedia","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E10","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"I-35W橋の死荷重増加と健全度評価","en":"Added dead load and rating of the I-35W bridge"},"value":"about 20% higher static load from added deck concrete; sufficiency rating 50/100, 'structurally deficient' in 2005","year":2007,"region":"United States (Minneapolis)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"崩落後にFHWAは同種の約700橋の点検を州に勧告した。","en":"After the collapse FHWA advised states to inspect about 700 bridges of similar construction."},"source":{"title":"I-35W Mississippi River bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-35W_Mississippi_River_bridge","publisher":"Wikipedia","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E11","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"米国の主要な橋梁崩落の死者数","en":"Deaths in major US bridge collapses"},"value":"Silver Bridge 1967: 46; Mianus 1983: 3; Schoharie 1987: 10; I-35W 2007: 13 (145 injured)","year":2007,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"各事故の出典（FHWA、Wikipedia）による。","en":"From FHWA and Wikipedia pages for each event."},"source":{"title":"Happy 50th Anniversary, National Bridge Inspection Standards","url":"https://highways.dot.gov/history/general-highway-history/happy-50th-anniversary-national-bridge-inspection-standards","publisher":"FHWA","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E12","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"建設後50年以上の道路橋の割合（日本）","en":"Share of Japanese road bridges 50+ years old"},"value":"約37%（2023年3月）→ 約54%（2030年3月）→ 約75%（2040年3月）／対象 約73万橋（橋長2m以上）","year":2023,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"2030年・2040年は見通し（予測）。建設年度不明の施設は除外されている。50年は老朽化の目安にすぎず、劣化は立地や維持管理で異なると出典自身が注記している。","en":"2030 and 2040 are projections. Facilities with unknown construction year are excluded. The source itself notes that 50 years is only a convenient yardstick; deterioration depends on location and maintenance."},"source":{"title":"社会資本の老朽化の現状と将来","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/sogoseisaku/maintenance/02research/02_01.html","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E13","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"建設後50年以上のトンネルの割合（日本）","en":"Share of Japanese tunnels 50+ years old"},"value":"約25%（2023年3月）→ 約35%（2030年3月）→ 約52%（2040年3月）／対象 約1万2千本","year":2023,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"2030年・2040年は見通し。建設年度不明を除く。","en":"2030 and 2040 are projections; facilities with unknown construction year excluded."},"source":{"title":"社会資本の老朽化の現状と将来","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/sogoseisaku/maintenance/02research/02_01.html","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E14","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"建設後50年以上の下水道管渠の割合（日本）","en":"Share of Japanese sewer pipes 50+ years old"},"value":"約7%（2023年3月）→ 約16%（2030年3月）→ 約34%（2040年3月）／総延長 約49万km","year":2023,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"下水道は比率こそ橋より低いが総延長が長く、絶対量は大きい。同じ表では水道管路（約74万km）が約9%→約21%→約41%。2030・2040年は見通し。","en":"The share is lower than for bridges but the network is long, so the absolute length is large. In the same table, water mains (~740,000 km) go from ~9% to ~21% to ~41%. 2030/2040 are projections."},"source":{"title":"社会資本の老朽化の現状と将来","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/sogoseisaku/maintenance/02research/02_01.html","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E15","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"建設後50年以上の港湾施設・河川管理施設の割合（日本）","en":"Share of Japanese port and river facilities 50+ years old"},"value":"港湾施設（約6万2千施設）約27%→約44%→約68%、河川管理施設（約2万8千施設）約22%→約42%→約65%（2023年3月→2030年3月→2040年3月）","year":2023,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"2030・2040年は見通し。建設年度不明を除く。港湾・水門などは水際・水中の点検が多く、水中ドローンの対象になる。","en":"2030/2040 are projections; unknown construction years excluded. Ports and river gates involve waterside and underwater inspection."},"source":{"title":"社会資本の老朽化の現状と将来","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/sogoseisaku/maintenance/02research/02_01.html","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E16","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"米国の「不良（Poor）」判定の橋の数","en":"US bridges rated Poor in the National Bridge Inventory"},"value":"42,080 of 623,218 bridges (Good 274,859; Fair 306,279); poor deck area 19,774,641 m² of 406,604,942 m²","year":2024,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"FHWA「Bridge Condition by Highway System 2024」の全橋梁合計行（2024年6月15日時点）。Poorは安全に通行できないという意味ではなく、主要部材の状態評価が低いことを示す。ASCE 2025はこれを6.8%と表記。","en":"All-bridges row of FHWA's 2024 table (as of 15 June 2024). 'Poor' means a low condition rating of a major component, not that the bridge is unsafe to use. ASCE 2025 expresses it as 6.8%."},"source":{"title":"Bridge Condition by Highway System 2024","url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/Bridge/nbi/no10/condition24.cfm","publisher":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E17","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"ASCE 2025インフラ通信簿の評価","en":"ASCE 2025 Report Card grades"},"value":"Overall C (highest in the report card's history); Bridges C (unchanged); Wastewater D+ (unchanged from 2021)","year":2025,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"ASCE（米国土木学会）による評価で、統計そのものではなく専門家の格付け。総合Cは同通信簿の過去最高。","en":"A graded expert assessment by the American Society of Civil Engineers, not a raw statistic. The overall C is its best ever."},"source":{"title":"Infrastructure Report Card numbers are telling: What do they say about your sector?","url":"https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/article/2025/04/09/infrastructure-report-card-numbers-are-telling-what-do-they-say-about-your-sector","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E18","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"米国の橋の平均年齢と設計寿命超過","en":"Average age of US bridges and share past design life"},"value":"Average age about 47 years; approximately 45% of bridges have exceeded their planned 50-year design lives; replacement rate about 4,927 bridges per year (2014–2023)","year":2025,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"ASCE 2025の橋梁章。現在の架け替えペースでは新しい橋が126年もつ必要があると試算している。同章はドローンを点検データ取得の補助手段として言及している。","en":"ASCE 2025 bridges chapter. At the current replacement pace, it calculates new bridges would need to last 126 years. The chapter mentions drones as an aid for collecting inspection data."},"source":{"title":"2025 Report Card for America's Infrastructure: Bridges","url":"https://infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Bridges.pdf","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E19","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"米国の橋梁の資金ギャップと補修需要","en":"US bridge funding gap and repair needs"},"value":"Funding gap $373 billion over 10 years; bridge rehabilitation needs $191.3 billion; replacing poor bridges $69.7 billion (2023)","year":2025,"region":"United States","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"ASCEの推計。資金ギャップは「良好な状態」に戻すために必要な額と見込み投資額の差で、点検費用ではない。","en":"ASCE estimates. The gap is between the spending needed for a state of good repair and expected investment; it is not an inspection cost."},"source":{"title":"2025 Report Card for America's Infrastructure: Bridges","url":"https://infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Bridges.pdf","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E20","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"下水道管路に起因する道路陥没の件数（日本）","en":"Road collapses caused by sewer pipes in Japan"},"value":"約2,600件（2022年度、全国）","year":2022,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"国土交通白書2025の八潮市道路陥没事故（2025年1月28日）のコラムに記載。八潮の事故では一時約120万人に下水道の使用自粛が求められ、国は下水道管路の全国特別重点調査を要請した。","en":"From the MLIT White Paper 2025 column on the Yashio road collapse (28 January 2025), after which about 1.2 million people were asked to limit sewer use and a nationwide priority sewer survey was requested."},"source":{"title":"国土交通白書2025 コラム 埼玉県八潮市の道路陥没事故","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/hakusyo/mlit/r06/hakusho/r07/html/n1213c01.html","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E21","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"国交省所管インフラの維持管理・更新費の将来推計（単年度）","en":"Projected annual maintenance and renewal cost of MLIT infrastructure"},"value":"2018年度 約5.2兆円 → 30年後（2048年度）予防保全 5.9～6.5兆円／事後保全 10.9～12.3兆円","year":2018,"region":"Japan","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"2018年11月の国交省推計。12分野が対象で、鉄道・有料道路（高速道路6社は別途約19.4兆円の計画）、用地費・補償費・災害復旧費は含まない。幅は工事単価の違いによる。2018年度の値も実績ではなく同条件での推計値。","en":"MLIT estimate of November 2018 covering 12 fields; excludes railways, toll roads (the six expressway companies have a separate plan of about ¥19.4 trillion), land, compensation and disaster recovery. Ranges reflect unit-cost assumptions; the 2018 value is itself an estimate."},"source":{"title":"国土交通省所管分野における社会資本の将来の維持管理・更新費の推計","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/sogoseisaku/maintenance/_pdf/research01_02_pdf02.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E22","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"予防保全による30年累計費用の差（日本）","en":"30-year cumulative cost: preventive vs reactive maintenance (Japan)"},"value":"2019～2048年度累計 予防保全 176.5～194.6兆円／事後保全 254.4～284.6兆円（約32%減）","year":2018,"region":"Japan","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"同じ2018年推計。削減率は5年後29%、10年後25%、20年後32%、30年後47%。点検の頻度と精度を上げて早期に手当てすることが前提で、点検の効率化がその前提を支える。","en":"Same 2018 estimate. Reductions: 29% at 5 years, 25% at 10, 32% at 20, 47% at 30. The saving assumes early detection and treatment, which depends on frequent, reliable inspection."},"source":{"title":"国土交通省所管分野における社会資本の将来の維持管理・更新費の推計","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/sogoseisaku/maintenance/_pdf/research01_02_pdf02.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E23","category":"labour","label":{"ja":"市町村の土木部門職員数の推移（日本）","en":"Civil-engineering staff in Japanese municipalities"},"value":"124,685人（1996年度）→ 90,967人（2015年度）、約27%減","year":2015,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"国交省の自治体支援に関する資料。同期間の市町村職員全体の減少は約20%で、土木部門の減り方が大きい。資料には技術系職員がいない市町村の数も図示されているが、文中の表記と図の値が食い違って読めたため、ここでは採らない。","en":"MLIT material on supporting local governments. Total municipal staff fell about 20% over the same period. The material also charts municipalities with no technical staff, but the text and chart figures appeared inconsistent, so that number is not recorded here."},"source":{"title":"2. 持続的なメンテナンスの実行体制のための地方自治体支援（資料3）","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/common/001258713.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E24","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"英国の自治体管理の「基準未満」橋","en":"Substandard council-maintained bridges in Great Britain"},"value":"3,090 of 71,925 bridges (4.3%) managed by 196 councils","year":2022,"region":"United Kingdom (Great Britain)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"RAC Foundationが情報公開請求で集計（2022年12月請求、2023年3月発表）。「基準未満」は最重量車両を通せない橋を指し、崩落の危険を意味しない。前年発表（2021年末時点）は3,211橋。","en":"RAC Foundation FOI survey (requests December 2022, published March 2023). 'Substandard' means unable to carry the heaviest vehicles, not about to collapse. The previous year's count (end of 2021) was 3,211."},"source":{"title":"Proportion of substandard road bridges falls – but 1 in 24 still cannot carry heaviest vehicles","url":"https://www.racfoundation.org/media-centre/proportion-of-substandard-road-bridges-falls","publisher":"RAC Foundation","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E25","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"英国自治体の橋梁維持管理の未着手額","en":"Council bridge maintenance backlog in Great Britain"},"value":"£5.861 billion to clear backlogs on all bridges; £918 million to restore the substandard bridges","year":2022,"region":"United Kingdom (Great Britain)","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"各自治体が回答した見積もりの合計。","en":"Sum of estimates reported by councils."},"source":{"title":"Proportion of substandard road bridges falls – but 1 in 24 still cannot carry heaviest vehicles","url":"https://www.racfoundation.org/media-centre/proportion-of-substandard-road-bridges-falls","publisher":"RAC Foundation","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E26","category":"labour","label":{"ja":"英国自治体の点検要員不足の訴え","en":"UK councils report a shortage of bridge inspection staff"},"value":"196 of 206 authorities responded; councils warned of 'a shortage of staff to carry out inspections'","year":2021,"region":"United Kingdom (Great Britain)","basis":"claim","note":{"ja":"人数の統計ではなく、自治体と道路技術者団体ADEPTの発言。不足の規模は数値化されていない。","en":"A statement by councils and ADEPT, not a headcount; the size of the shortage is not quantified."},"source":{"title":"Number of substandard road bridges on the rise – councils concerned about shortage of engineers","url":"https://www.racfoundation.org/media-centre/number-of-substandard-road-bridges-on-the-rise","publisher":"RAC Foundation","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E27","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"フランスの構造的に状態が悪い橋","en":"French road bridges in poor structural condition"},"value":"推計 30,000～35,000橋（全道路橋 200,000～250,000橋）／市町村等の橋の約23%（約23,000橋）","year":2022,"region":"France","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"仏上院の2022年6月報告。橋の総数自体が把握されていないと指摘している。2019年の上院推計は25,000橋超。","en":"French Senate report of June 2022, which notes that even the total number of bridges is unknown. The 2019 Senate estimate was over 25,000."},"source":{"title":"Sécurité des ponts : face au « chantier du siècle », l'urgence d'une action publique plus ambitieuse (synthèse)","url":"https://www.senat.fr/rap/r21-669/r21-669-syn.pdf","publisher":"Sénat (France)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E28","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"フランスの市町村橋の補修に必要な資金","en":"Funding needed to repair French municipal bridges"},"value":"市町村の橋の補修に 22億～28.1億ユーロ（2.2 to 2.81 billion €）／国道網の橋の維持予算 1億2,000万ユーロ（2022年、2011～2018年平均は4,500万ユーロ）","year":2022,"region":"France","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"仏上院2022年報告の推計値。上院は追い上げ用に3億5,000万ユーロ＋毎年1億3,000万ユーロの専用基金を提案した（提案であり決定ではない）。","en":"French Senate 2022 estimates. The Senate proposed a dedicated fund of €350m plus €130m a year (a proposal, not an adopted budget)."},"source":{"title":"Sécurité des ponts : face au « chantier du siècle », l'urgence d'une action publique plus ambitieuse (synthèse)","url":"https://www.senat.fr/rap/r21-669/r21-669-syn.pdf","publisher":"Sénat (France)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E29","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"ドイツ連邦道路の改修対象橋","en":"German federal trunk-road bridges slated for modernisation"},"value":"約40,000橋（52,386部分構造物：アウトバーン27,915、連邦道路24,471、2021年9月時点）のうち、アウトバーン約8,000、連邦道路約3,000部分構造物が長期的に改修対象","year":2024,"region":"Germany","basis":"target","note":{"ja":"連邦議会調査局の2025年7月資料が、2024年4月の政府答弁を引用。数え方は橋単位ではなく「部分構造物（Teilbauwerk）」。連邦会計検査院は2032年までに約5,000部分構造物を終えるには2025年から年約590件が必要と指摘。","en":"Bundestag Research Services paper (July 2025) citing a government answer of April 2024. Counted in sub-structures (Teilbauwerke), not bridges. The Federal Audit Office noted about 590 per year from 2025 would be needed to finish ~5,000 by 2032."},"source":{"title":"Brückensanierungen an Bundesfernstraßen (WD 5 - 3000 - 046/25)","url":"https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/1149794/WD-5-046-25.pdf","publisher":"Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E30","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"ドイツの連邦道路橋の改修支出","en":"German spending on federal bridge modernisation"},"value":"約11.7億ユーロ（2023年実績）、約12.9億ユーロ（2024年計画）、15億ユーロ以上（2025年計画）","year":2023,"region":"Germany","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"2024・2025年は計画値。路線と構造物の維持全体では年55億ユーロ以上を計画。総改修費の見積もりは資料に示されていない。","en":"2024 and 2025 are planned amounts. At least €5.5bn a year is planned for maintaining routes and structures overall. No total repair cost estimate is given."},"source":{"title":"Brückensanierungen an Bundesfernstraßen (WD 5 - 3000 - 046/25)","url":"https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/1149794/WD-5-046-25.pdf","publisher":"Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Deutschen Bundestages","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E31","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"ミネソタ州DOTの橋梁点検費用比較（12件）","en":"Minnesota DOT bridge inspection cost comparison (12 cases)"},"value":"UAS-assisted cheaper in 11 of 12 cases (e.g. bridge 27831: $2,580 traditional vs $540 UAS; MDTA bridges $40,800 vs $19,800); bridge 19538 cost more with UAS ($1,080 vs $1,860)","year":2018,"region":"United States (Minnesota)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"州交通局（MnDOT）の研究報告を米運輸省ITSデータベースが要約したもの。ドローンが割高になった橋が1件ある。点検車は購入50万～100万ドルまたは日額3,000ドル、点検用ドローンは購入1.5万～4万ドルまたは日額300ドルとしている。打音・清掃・計測などの触診作業はドローンで代替できない。","en":"MnDOT research summarised in the US DOT ITS database. One bridge cost more with UAS. Under-bridge inspection vehicles: $500k–1m to buy or $3,000/day to rent; inspection drones $15k–40k or $300/day. Hands-on tasks such as sounding cannot be replicated by UAS."},"source":{"title":"Improving the Quality of Bridge Inspections Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) — ITS JPO Knowledge Resources summary 2020-SC00448","url":"https://www.itskrs.its.dot.gov/2020-sc00448","publisher":"US DOT ITS Joint Program Office (summarising Minnesota DOT)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E32","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"オレゴン州DOT研究：UAS橋梁点検の費用便益","en":"Oregon DOT study: cost-benefit of UAS bridge inspection"},"value":"Estimated average cost savings of approximately $10,000 per bridge inspection; benefit-cost ratio of 9","year":2018,"region":"United States (Oregon)","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"オレゴン州立大学によるODOT/FHWA向け最終報告（SPR 787）。実測ではなく導入した場合の推計。報告自身が、UASでは構造点検のすべての要求事項を満たせない、飛行より準備作業が大変（オハイオ州DOT）などの限界を挙げている。","en":"Final report by Oregon State University for ODOT/FHWA (SPR 787). An estimate for a programme, not a measured result. The report lists limits: UAS cannot satisfy every required inspection element, and preparation, not flying, was the biggest burden (Ohio DOT)."},"source":{"title":"Eyes in the Sky: Bridge Inspections with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (SPR 787, FHWA-OR-RD-18-11)","url":"https://www.oregon.gov/odot/Programs/ResearchDocuments/SPR787_Eyes_in_the_Sky.pdf","publisher":"Oregon Department of Transportation / Oregon State University","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E33","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"中部地方整備局のトラス橋ドローン点検事例","en":"Chubu Regional Bureau case: drone inspection of a truss bridge"},"value":"費用 従来380万円→ドローン190万円、延べ人日 26→12、ただし全工程日数は従来5.0日→ドローン6.0日（解析1.5日が追加）","year":2021,"region":"Japan (Chubu)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"1橋の事例。現地作業は2.0日→1.5日、交通誘導員14人日が不要になった一方、画像解析が加わり全体日数は延びた。出典は「現場条件により異なる場合あり」とし、大型点検車と全面規制が必要な橋で効果が見込めるとしている。年はファイル名（R03）からの推定。","en":"A single-bridge case. Site work fell from 2.0 to 1.5 days and 14 traffic-guard person-days were avoided, but image analysis lengthened the overall process. The source says results vary by site and benefits are expected mainly where large inspection vehicles and full closures are needed. Year inferred from the file name (R03 = FY2021)."},"source":{"title":"ドローン技術を活用したトラス橋の橋梁定期点検","url":"https://www.cbr.mlit.go.jp/kikaku/dx/pdf/R03-09.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省 中部地方整備局","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E34","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"日本の労働災害死亡者と墜落・転落","en":"Japan workplace deaths and deaths from falls"},"value":"死亡者 746人（過去最少）、うち墜落・転落 188人、建設業 232人（2024年）","year":2024,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"厚生労働省の2024年確定値（2025年5月30日公表）を国立保健医療科学院の健康危機管理支援ライブラリーで確認。新型コロナ関連を除く。休業4日以上の死傷者は135,718人で4年連続増加。","en":"MHLW final 2024 figures (published 30 May 2025) as relayed by the National Institute of Public Health's crisis library; excludes COVID-19 cases. Injuries with 4+ days off: 135,718, up for a fourth year."},"source":{"title":"令和6年の労働災害発生状況を公表（令和7年5月30日）","url":"https://h-crisis.niph.go.jp/?p=442591","publisher":"国立保健医療科学院（厚生労働省発表の転載）","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E35","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"酸素欠乏症・硫化水素中毒の死亡災害（日本）","en":"Oxygen-deficiency and hydrogen-sulphide deaths in Japan"},"value":"2025年：酸素欠乏症 2件・被災4人・死亡3人、硫化水素中毒 5件・被災10人・死亡7人","year":2025,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"死亡10人のうち7人は下水道管路のマンホール内の2件（救助に入った人の死亡を含む）。件数は少ないが1件あたりの死者が多い。2006～2025年の酸素欠乏症104件の業種内訳は製造業48、建設業22。","en":"Seven of the ten deaths occurred in two sewer-manhole incidents, including rescuers who entered after the first victim. Few incidents but many deaths per incident. Of 104 oxygen-deficiency cases in 2006–2025, 48 were in manufacturing and 22 in construction."},"source":{"title":"令和7年に発生した酸素欠乏症等の労働災害発生状況について","url":"https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/11300000/001734907.pdf","publisher":"厚生労働省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E36","category":"labour","label":{"ja":"技術系職員がいない・少ない市町村（日本）","en":"Japanese municipalities with no or few technical staff"},"value":"土木・建築の技術系職員 0人 437市町村（25%）、1～2人 154（9%）、3～5人 236（13%）＝5人以下が約5割","year":null,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"出典は地方公共団体定員管理調査に基づく国交省のスライドで、分布の時点が明記されていないためyearは空欄。同じ資料で市町村の土木費は1993年度の11兆4,973億円から約半分に減ったとされる。","en":"MLIT slides based on the local-government staffing survey; the reference year is not stated, so year is left empty. The same slides show municipal civil-works spending falling to about half of its FY1993 peak of ¥11.4973 trillion."},"source":{"title":"国土交通省 インフラメンテナンス資料（市町村の技術系職員数・土木費の推移）","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/sogoseisaku/maintenance/_pdf/gunmane_kentou01_06.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E37","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"早期・緊急に措置が必要な橋（判定区分III・IV）の数（日本）","en":"Japanese bridges needing early or urgent action (Category III/IV)"},"value":"約6.9万橋（2018年度末）→ 約5.3万橋（2024年度末）／地方公共団体が2019年度点検でIII・IVとした橋のうち措置着手は76%","year":2024,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"道路メンテナンス年報（3巡目1年目）の報道発表、2025年8月25日。2024年度の点検実施率は橋梁18%、トンネル17%（5年周期の1年目）。裏返すと、自治体の約4分の1は5年経っても措置に着手していない。","en":"MLIT press release on the road maintenance annual report (first year of the third cycle), 25 August 2025. FY2024 inspection progress was 18% for bridges and 17% for tunnels (year 1 of a five-year cycle). About a quarter of local-government Category III/IV bridges had not had work started after five years."},"source":{"title":"橋梁等の2024年度（令和6年度）点検結果をとりまとめ～道路メンテナンス年報（3巡目1年目）の公表～","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/road01_hh_001981.html","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E38","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"英国の労働死亡災害と高所からの墜落","en":"Worker deaths and falls from height in Great Britain"},"value":"Workers killed 126 (2025/26, provisional); falls from a height 31 (top cause); construction 25","year":2025,"region":"United Kingdom (Great Britain)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"HSE（安全衛生庁）のRIDDOR集計の速報値で、2027年7月に確定。年度は4月～翌3月。","en":"HSE provisional RIDDOR figures, to be finalised in July 2027. The year runs April to March."},"source":{"title":"Work-related fatal injuries in Great Britain","url":"https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/fatals-overview.htm","publisher":"Health and Safety Executive (HSE)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E39","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"米国の労働死亡災害（転落・有害環境）","en":"US fatal work injuries: falls and harmful environments"},"value":"5,283 fatal work injuries (2023); falls, slips and trips 885; exposure to harmful substances or environments 820; construction 1,075","year":2023,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"BLS労働死亡災害センサス（2024年12月19日公表）。「有害物質・環境への曝露」には酸欠以外（薬物過量摂取など）も含まれ、閉鎖空間の死者数そのものではない。","en":"BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (released 19 December 2024). 'Exposure to harmful substances or environments' includes more than oxygen deficiency (e.g. overdoses), so it is not a confined-space count."},"source":{"title":"National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2023","url":"https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cfoi_12192024.htm","publisher":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E40","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"米国の工事規制区間（ワークゾーン）の死亡者","en":"US work-zone traffic fatalities"},"value":"850 work zone fatalities in 2024 (905 in 2023); nearly 170 pedestrians (including construction, maintenance and utility workers) and pedalcyclists killed in 2024","year":2024,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"FHWAの2026年ワークゾーン安全週間ファクトシート（NHTSAデータ、2026年4月時点）。死者の多くは運転者・同乗者で、作業員だけの人数はこの資料にない。点検のための車線規制が減れば曝露も減る、という論点の背景数値。","en":"FHWA 2026 Work Zone Awareness Week fact sheet (NHTSA data as of April 2026). Most deaths are drivers and occupants; a workers-only count is not given here."},"source":{"title":"2026 National Work Zone Awareness Week fact sheet (HOP-26-060)","url":"https://ops-dr.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/HOP-26-060_FHWA_NWZAW_Factsheet.pdf","publisher":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E41","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"洋上風力：ロープアクセスからドローン点検への切替効果（試算）","en":"Offshore wind: modelled effect of replacing rope access with drones"},"value":"Inspection costs cut by up to 70%; revenue lost to downtime cut by up to 90%; rope-access inspection is 0.7% of wind-farm OPEX; full autonomy vs single-drone VLOS saves only about 2% more","year":2021,"region":"United Kingdom (modelled offshore wind farm)","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"査読論文（Results in Engineering 9, 100201）の抄録のみ確認。モデル試算であり実測ではない。点検費はOPEXの0.7%にすぎないため、LCOEへの効果は小さい点、完全自律化の追加効果が約2%にとどまる点は反例として重要。","en":"Peer-reviewed paper (Results in Engineering 9, 100201); abstract only. A model, not a measurement. Inspection is just 0.7% of OPEX, so the LCOE effect is small, and full autonomy adds only ~2%."},"source":{"title":"Estimating the impact of drone-based inspection on the Levelised Cost of electricity for offshore wind farms","url":"https://doaj.org/article/05025b9658d94ac1b998a323d707d353","publisher":"Results in Engineering (Elsevier), Kabbabe Poleo, Crowther & Barnes","reviewScope":"abstract"}},{"id":"E42","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"陸上風力ブレード点検の処理量（業界発言）","en":"Onshore wind blade inspection throughput (industry statements)"},"value":"Manual: two to five turbines a day; drone: up to 10 or 12 turbines a day; cost 'slightly more than £200 per turbine' per some operators, while others say 'on a par with' manual","year":2017,"region":"United Kingdom (Scotland)","basis":"claim","note":{"ja":"業界団体Scottish Renewablesの記事で、数値はドローン事業者CEOの発言。研究ではない。費用は手作業と同等という声もあり、費用面の優位は確定していない。","en":"Scottish Renewables article quoting a drone-company CEO; not a study. Some operators say cost is on a par with manual inspection, so a cost advantage is not established."},"source":{"title":"Can drones cut onshore wind LCOE?","url":"https://www.scottishrenewables.com/news/70-can-drones-cut-onshore-wind-lcoe","publisher":"Scottish Renewables","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E43","category":"market","label":{"ja":"世界の点検用ドローン市場規模（SNS Insider）","en":"Global inspection drones market (SNS Insider)"},"value":"USD 15.27 billion (2025) → USD 84.56 billion (2035), CAGR 18.99% (2026–2035)","year":2025,"region":"Global","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"民間調査会社の推計。手法ページは一次・二次調査とトップダウン／ボトムアップ併用を説明するが、汎用的な記述で、この市場の定義や前提は確認できない。参考扱い。","en":"Commercial research firm estimate. Its methodology page describes primary/secondary research and top-down/bottom-up checks in generic terms; the market definition and assumptions are not visible. Treat as indicative only."},"source":{"title":"Inspection Drones Market — Research Methodology","url":"https://www.snsinsider.com/reports/inspection-drones-market-10153/methodology","publisher":"SNS Insider","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E44","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"FHWA事例：UASのほうが遅かった橋（ミネソタ）","en":"FHWA case: UAS slower overall on a Minnesota bridge"},"value":"Traditional inspection 11 hours; UAS flight over 9 hours, but over 17 hours including postprocessing (3D model)","year":2021,"region":"United States (Minnesota)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"FHWAの実務事例集（FHWA-HRT-21-083）。3次元モデル作成の後処理で総時間が従来を上回った反例。コロラド州Glenwood Springs橋では後処理に約32時間かかり、複雑な鋼構造で3次元モデルが使えなかった。","en":"FHWA effective-practices report (FHWA-HRT-21-083). A counter-example: 3D-model postprocessing pushed total time above the conventional inspection. At Glenwood Springs (Colorado), postprocessing took about 32 hours and the 3D model was unusable on intricate steelwork."},"source":{"title":"Effective Practices for Routine Bridge Inspections Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (FHWA-HRT-21-083)","url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/21083/21083.pdf","publisher":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E45","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"FHWA事例：ユタ州の標識点検とメイン州の橋","en":"FHWA cases: Utah sign inspections and a Maine bridge"},"value":"Utah: 16 signs a day by UAS without traffic control vs 3 to 4 conventionally, total savings about $100K (of which $80K traffic control); Maine Ticonic Bridge: 1 day vs at least 2 days previously","year":2021,"region":"United States (Utah, Maine)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"節約の大半は交通規制費。ユタ州の赤外線による床版点検では、低解像度カメラでは剥離を安定して捉えられず、両カメラとも誤検出があり、費用節約は「正確には算定されていない」。","en":"Most of the saving was traffic control. In Utah's infrared deck work, the low-resolution camera did not reliably capture delamination, both cameras gave false positives, and savings 'have not been accurately determined'."},"source":{"title":"Effective Practices for Routine Bridge Inspections Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (FHWA-HRT-21-083)","url":"https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/bridge/21083/21083.pdf","publisher":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E46","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"近畿地方整備局：ドローン＋ひび割れ解析の費用は「同等程度」","en":"Kinki Regional Bureau: drone plus crack analysis cost 'about the same'"},"value":"橋脚2基：従来（点検車・ロープアクセス）166.2万円、新技術（ドローン＋解析）163.9万円、現地作業 1日→0.5日","year":null,"region":"Japan (Kinki)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"点検支援技術の紹介資料で、出典自身が費用は「同等程度」と評価。交通規制を減らせれば削減幅が大きくなる可能性があるとしている。資料に年の記載なし。","en":"An inspection-support technology sheet; the source itself calls the cost 'roughly equal' and says savings could grow if lane closures were reduced. No year is stated."},"source":{"title":"ひび検【ひびわれ解析】（点検支援技術 資料 BR142024）","url":"https://www.kkr.mlit.go.jp/rd_mainte/documentation/blng4200000003uw-att/BR142024.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省 近畿地方整備局","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E47","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"車線規制による道路利用者費用（FHWAの例題）","en":"Road user cost of a work-zone lane closure (FHWA worked example)"},"value":"Total delay costs $244,725.14 per day for 10,192.6 vehicle-hours of delay (passenger cars $21.89/hour weighted; combination trucks $29.65/hour; 2010 dollars)","year":2012,"region":"United States","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"FHWA『Work Zone Road User Costs』の仮想の例題（I-00）で、出典自身が実案件の値として使わないよう注意している。規制による利用者損失が点検費そのものを上回りうる規模感を示す参考値。年は報告番号FHWA-HOP-12-005による。","en":"A hypothetical worked example (I-00) in FHWA's Work Zone Road User Costs; the source warns against using it as project values. Indicates that user delay can exceed the inspection cost itself. Year from report number FHWA-HOP-12-005."},"source":{"title":"Work Zone Road User Costs - Concepts and Applications, Chapter 2","url":"https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/resources/publications/fhwahop12005/sec2.htm","publisher":"FHWA Office of Operations","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E48","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"自治体の1橋あたり橋梁点検委託費（2007年）","en":"Bridge inspection outsourcing cost per bridge in Japanese authorities (2007)"},"value":"東京都 24万円/橋（点検6,000万円）、新潟県 10万円/橋、浦安市 45万円/橋、土岐市 15万円/橋","year":2007,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"国交省調べ（2007年9月調査、2007年度当初予算）。5年点検義務化（2014年）より前で、点検の要求水準が現在と異なる。1橋あたりは委託費÷点検実施橋数で、橋の規模により大きく異なる。","en":"MLIT survey (September 2007; FY2007 budgets), before mandatory five-yearly inspection (2014), so requirements differed. Per-bridge values are outsourcing cost divided by bridges inspected and vary with bridge size."},"source":{"title":"地方自治体の状況（資料1 定期点検の実施状況）","url":"https://www.mlit.go.jp/road/ir/ir-council/maintenance/2pdf/1.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E49","category":"labour","label":{"ja":"大阪府内町村の土木部門職員1人あたり橋数","en":"Bridges per civil-engineering staff in Osaka towns and villages"},"value":"大阪府 土木部門職員1,122人・土木技師788人（職員1人あたり約2.1橋）、府内町村計 職員68人・土木技師59人（約10.5橋）","year":2024,"region":"Japan (Osaka Prefecture)","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"大阪大学による市町村橋梁点検の調査報告（2024年11月）。小規模自治体ほど1人が受け持つ橋が多い。同報告は小規模橋向けの簡易点検法で府の方式より約26%、国の技術的助言の方式より約35%安くなると試算している。","en":"Osaka University survey report (November 2024). Smaller authorities carry more bridges per person. The report estimates its simplified method for small bridges is about 26% cheaper than the prefectural method and 35% cheaper than the national guidance method."},"source":{"title":"市町村における橋梁点検の現状と課題に関する調査報告書（別添資料4）","url":"https://ficct.otri.osaka-u.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/05_別添資料4_市町村における橋梁点検の現状と課題に関する調査報告書.pdf","publisher":"大阪大学 先導的学際研究機構","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E50","category":"labour","label":{"ja":"日本の建設業就業者の高齢化","en":"Ageing of Japan's construction workforce"},"value":"就業者 477万人（2024年、ピーク1997年 685万人）、55歳以上 36.7%、29歳以下 11.7%、技術者 39万人（2024年）","year":2024,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"内閣府規制改革会議に国交省が提出した資料「国土交通省の取組について」。年齢構成の比率の年次は資料上明示されていないが、系列は2024年（令和6年）まで。点検・補修の担い手の母集団を示す数値で、点検員だけの数ではない。","en":"MLIT paper to the Cabinet Office regulatory reform meeting. The year of the age shares is not stated explicitly, though the series runs to 2024. This is the whole construction workforce, not inspectors alone."},"source":{"title":"国土交通省の取組について（資料1-3）","url":"https://www8.cao.go.jp/kisei-kaikaku/kisei/meeting/wg/2501_06ai/250508/ai04_0103.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省（内閣府 規制改革推進会議 提出資料）","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E51","category":"labour","label":{"ja":"米国の土木技術者の人数と見通し","en":"US civil engineer workforce and outlook"},"value":"About 380,600 jobs (2025); projected growth 6% (2025–35); about 22,700 openings per year; median pay $100,840 (May 2025)","year":2025,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"BLS職業展望ハンドブック（2026年8月更新）。橋梁点検員だけの統計はこのページにはない。","en":"BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook (updated August 2026). Bridge inspectors are not counted separately here."},"source":{"title":"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Civil Engineers","url":"https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/civil-engineers.htm","publisher":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E52","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"米国下水道の故障率と処理場数","en":"US wastewater: failure rates and treatment plants"},"value":"Nearly 17,500 treatment plants; collection system failures about 2 → 3.3 per 100 miles of pipe (2021); sanitary sewer overflows 0.7 → 0.16 per 100 miles (2015–2021)","year":2025,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"ASCE 2025下水道章（評価D+）。越流は減った一方、管路故障は増えており、指標によって傾向が逆。2023年の調査では450超の事業者の65%がデジタルツールを使い、そのうち54%がデータを有効活用できていないと回答。","en":"ASCE 2025 wastewater chapter (grade D+). Overflows fell while pipe failures rose, so indicators diverge. In a 2023 survey of 450+ utilities, 65% used digital tools and 54% of those said the data was not used effectively."},"source":{"title":"2025 Report Card for America's Infrastructure: Wastewater","url":"https://infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Wastewater.pdf","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E53","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"米国下水・雨水の投資不足","en":"US wastewater and stormwater funding gap"},"value":"Annual capital needs $99 billion (2024) with a $69 billion gap; gap exceeding $690 billion by 2044 if trends continue","year":2024,"region":"United States","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"ASCEの推計。同じ章の中で99億ドルの対象（下水・雨水か、上水も含むか）の記述が食い違っている。","en":"ASCE estimate. The chapter is inconsistent about whether the $99bn covers wastewater/stormwater only or drinking water too."},"source":{"title":"2025 Report Card for America's Infrastructure: Wastewater","url":"https://infrastructurereportcard.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Wastewater.pdf","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E54","category":"market","label":{"ja":"ドローンで置き換え可能なインフラ分野の価値（PwC 2016）","en":"Addressable value of drone solutions in infrastructure (PwC 2016)"},"value":"Infrastructure $45.2bn of a total $127.3bn (2015 basis)","year":2016,"region":"Global","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"PwC『Clarity from above』。手法は、ドローンで近い将来置き換えうる既存の業務・人件費を産業別に積み上げるもの。実際の市場規模や売上予測ではなく「対象になりうる額」で、出典自身が現状の市場データは乏しいと述べている。","en":"PwC 'Clarity from above'. Method: the cost of current services and labour that drones could replace, by industry. It is a potential addressable value, not a measured market or revenue forecast; the report notes reliable market data is scarce."},"source":{"title":"Clarity from above: PwC global report on the commercial applications of drone technology","url":"https://www.pwc.com/gr/en/publications/assets/pwc-global-report-on-the-commercial-applications-of-drone-technology.pdf","publisher":"PwC","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E55","category":"market","label":{"ja":"欧州のドローン市場見通し（SESAR）","en":"European drone market outlook (SESAR)"},"value":"More than EUR 10 billion a year by 2035 and over EUR 15 billion a year by 2050; commercial and government services more than EUR 5 billion a year by 2035; nearly 10,000 drones for energy-facility inspection","year":2016,"region":"Europe","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"SESAR共同事業体（BCG支援）の2016年11月の研究。分野別・任務別のボトムアップ推計で、BVLOS規制や社会受容の前提を変えたシナリオで検証。出典自身が桁感として読むよう注記。エネルギー点検の金額は示されていない。","en":"SESAR JU study (November 2016, with BCG). Bottom-up by sector and mission, tested under scenarios for BVLOS rules and public acceptance; the source says to read figures as orders of magnitude. No euro value for energy inspection alone."},"source":{"title":"European Drones Outlook Study","url":"https://www.sesarju.eu/sites/default/files/documents/reports/European_Drones_Outlook_Study_2016.pdf","publisher":"SESAR Joint Undertaking","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E56","category":"market","label":{"ja":"英国経済へのドローンの効果（PwC 2018）","en":"Drones' effect on the UK economy (PwC 2018)"},"value":"About £42 billion (about 1.89% of GDP) by 2030; net cost savings about £16 billion","year":2018,"region":"United Kingdom","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"PwC『Skies Without Limits』（2018）の解説ポッドキャストで確認。業種ごとにドローンが補える作業を当てはめ、多要素生産性で効果を見るモデル。担当者自身が純増のGDPかは確かでないと述べている。市場規模ではなく経済効果の推計で、点検だけの値ではない。","en":"From PwC's podcast on 'Skies Without Limits' (2018). The model maps tasks drones could augment per sector and measures multifactor productivity; the economist says it may not all be additional GDP. An economic-impact estimate, not a market size, and not inspection-only."},"source":{"title":"Transcript - Episode 16: The Impact of Drones on the UK Economy","url":"https://www.pwc.co.uk/services/economics/insights/economics-podcast-series/transcript-episode-16-impact-of-drones.html","publisher":"PwC UK","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E57","category":"safety","label":{"ja":"米国の閉鎖空間での死亡（NIOSH 1989年証言）","en":"US confined-space deaths (NIOSH testimony, 1989)"},"value":"At least 763 deaths in 1980–1985 (about 127 a year, a minimum); NIOSH FACE investigations: 70 deaths in 44 incidents over five years; sewers and utility vaults each 18.1% of spaces investigated, tanks 38.6%","year":1989,"region":"United States","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"古い資料だが、閉鎖空間の死亡を体系的に数えた公的な数値として引用されることが多い。OSHAの推計（年39.1人）はNIOSH自身が「極めて低い」としており、推計間の幅が大きい。救助に入った人の死亡が典型的な失敗として挙げられている。最新値は今回確認できなかった。","en":"Old, but an official systematic count. OSHA's estimate (39.1/year) was called 'extremely low' by NIOSH, so estimates vary widely. Ill-conceived rescue attempts are named as a typical failure. A current figure was not found in this pass."},"source":{"title":"NIOSH Testimony on Confined Spaces (4 October 1989)","url":"https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/180353/cdc_180353_DS1.pdf","publisher":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E58","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"下水道管のTVカメラ調査の標準的な費用と日進量（日本）","en":"Standard cost and daily output of sewer CCTV inspection (Japan)"},"value":"従来型TVカメラ：調査コスト 約1,000円/m（直接作業費、うち洗浄 約250円/m）、日進量 300m/日（コンクリート管）・180m/日（陶管）","year":2015,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"国総研資料第876号（2015年12月、案）でスクリーニング技術と比べる基準値として示されたもの。管口カメラは見える範囲外の不具合を見落とすおそれ、画像認識型カメラは堆積の影響を受けやすいなど、新技術側の限界も明記されている。ドローンは扱っていない。","en":"NILIM Technical Note 876 (December 2015, draft) gives these as baseline values for comparing screening technologies. It notes limits of newer tools (pipe-mouth cameras may miss defects out of view; image-recognition cameras are affected by sediment). It does not cover drones."},"source":{"title":"スクリーニング調査を核とした管渠マネジメントシステム技術導入ガイドライン（案）（国総研資料第876号）","url":"https://www.nilim.go.jp/lab/bcg/siryou/tnn/tnn0876pdf/ks0876.pdf","publisher":"国土交通省 国土技術政策総合研究所","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E59","category":"cost","label":{"ja":"第1次国土強靱化実施中期計画の事業規模（日本）","en":"Scale of Japan's first National Resilience Implementation Medium-Term Plan"},"value":"5年間（2026年度～）でおおむね20兆円強程度","year":2025,"region":"Japan","basis":"target","note":{"ja":"2025年6月6日の首相官邸の会議での発言（計画案）。防災・減災全体の事業規模で、老朽化対策だけの額は示されていない。上下水道の戦略的維持管理・更新は114の重点施策の一つ。","en":"Stated at a Prime Minister's Office meeting on 6 June 2025 (draft plan). Covers all resilience work; no separate amount for ageing infrastructure. Strategic maintenance of water and sewer systems is one of 114 priority measures."},"source":{"title":"国土強靱化推進本部（令和7年6月6日）","url":"https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/103/actions/202506/06kokudo.html","publisher":"首相官邸","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E60","category":"ageing","label":{"ja":"韓国の主要インフラの30年以上経過の割合（見通し）","en":"Share of Korean major infrastructure 30+ years old (projection)"},"value":"2030年に主要インフラの約41%が30年以上（ダム75.2%、橋梁29.3%）","year":2024,"region":"South Korea","basis":"estimate","note":{"ja":"韓国建設産業研究院が国土安全管理院の施設物統合情報管理システムを分析した報告を、SBS Bizが2024年1月21日に報道。日本の「50年」と基準年数が違うため直接比較しない。原報告は未確認。","en":"Korea Construction Industry Research Institute analysis of the Korea Infrastructure Safety Corporation's facility database, as reported by SBS Biz on 21 January 2024. The 30-year threshold differs from Japan's 50 years, so do not compare directly. The original report was not opened."},"source":{"title":"국내 인프라 10개 중 4개, 곧 '노후화'…안전사고 반복되나","url":"https://biz.sbs.co.kr/amp/article/20000153664","publisher":"SBS Biz（한국건설산업연구원 보고서 인용）","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E61","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"道路メンテナンスでの新技術の検討・採用率（日本）","en":"Rate at which new technologies are considered and adopted in Japanese road maintenance"},"value":"9,898事業のうち新技術を検討 5,857（59%）、検討6,434件のうち採用 1,610（25%）、予算に反映 237（3.7%）","year":2021,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"財務省の予算執行調査（2021年度データ、国の事務所98と地方公共団体1,788が対象）。点検と修繕の両方を含む。発注者自身が検討したのは21%で、残りは受注者任せ。地方公共団体の58%が点検支援技術性能カタログをほとんど／全く見ていない。","en":"Ministry of Finance budget execution survey (FY2021 data; 98 national offices and 1,788 local governments). Covers inspection and repair. Owners themselves examined only 21% of cases. 58% of local governments rarely or never consult the inspection-support technology catalogue."},"source":{"title":"総括調査票（30）道路メンテナンスにおける新技術等の活用","url":"https://www.mof.go.jp/policy/budget/topics/budget_execution_audit/fy2022/sy0407/30.pdf","publisher":"財務省","reviewScope":"full_text"}},{"id":"E62","category":"comparison","label":{"ja":"新技術を採用しなかった最大の理由は「費用増」","en":"Main reason for not adopting new technology: expected cost increase"},"value":"長期のライフサイクルコスト目的を除く不採用3,456件のうち、最多の理由は費用の増加見込みで1,996件","year":2021,"region":"Japan","basis":"reported","note":{"ja":"同じ財務省調査。新技術が短期的には割高と判断される場面が多いことを示す反例。財務省は短期の費用だけでなく長期のライフサイクルコストで比べるよう求めている。","en":"Same MOF survey. A counter-example showing new methods are often judged more expensive in the short term; MOF asks owners to compare life-cycle costs, not only short-term cost."},"source":{"title":"総括調査票（30）道路メンテナンスにおける新技術等の活用","url":"https://www.mof.go.jp/policy/budget/topics/budget_execution_audit/fy2022/sy0407/30.pdf","publisher":"財務省","reviewScope":"full_text"}}]}